One of the most pressing and important changes in computing in the last five years has been the advent of practically useful and widely available AI, which is impacting almost every aspect and application of computing.
If we do not immediately and thoughtfully explore AI’s implications for people with disabilities, we risk them being left behind in the use of AI and the accessibility of its products, and subject to AI biases. At the same time, as CREATE Director Jennifer Mankoff and Ph.D. student Kate Glazko noted in the journal Nature, AI has enormous potential to support disabled needs and ways of being.
CREATE’s recent ethnographic work has demonstrated that today’s newest AI tools, generative AI, can potentially provide a number of accessibility advantages, while also presenting challenges such as verifiability and ableism. However, whether or not these problems have been solved, people with disabilities are actively and frequently using AI on a daily basis now. We must understand the impact and the implications of this.
Here are some of the ways CREATE is exploring the impact of AI on people with disabilities:
Ableism and AI
We must develop inclusive datasets, measure AI biases, and teach community and industry partners about the risks and potential for AI to impact disability.
CREATE’s investigation into AI ableism is still in its early stages. We explore the topic in our recent paper, An Autoethnographic Case Study of Generative Artificial Intelligence’s Utility for Accessibility, and are building on that to explore bias in specific contexts. For example, a CREATE paper published at the 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (ACM FAccT), documented significant bias against jobseekers whose resumes mention their disability even in the context of a leadership award or scholarship, in comparison to the same resumes with one less award or scholarship. We have also written about AI risks in recent policy documents, such as our comments on the Federal RFI regarding Biometrics.
Autoethnographic study of generative AI for accessibility
Generative artificial intelligence tools like ChatGPT and Midjourney can potentially assist people with various disabilities. They could summarize content, compose messages, or describe images. Yet, when seven CREATE researchers tested AI tools utility for accessibility, they found the tools regularly spout inaccuracies and fail at basic reasoning, perpetuating ableist biases.
AI for communication
ASL recognition
Most existing information resources (like search engines, news sites, or social media) are written or
spoken, and do not offer equitable access for the 70 million deaf people world-wide who primarily use a sign language and for whom a written language like English is not their native language. CREATE faculty member Richard Ladner and a team that includes his former student Danielle Bragg and current CREATE Ph.D. student Aashaka Desai are working with Microsoft to design ASL recognition datasets for sign language development, which has profound implications around issues of fairness, ethics, and responsible AI development. Desai also led a team of DHH scholars in highlighting systematic biases in AI sign language research.
Non-speech audio recognition for hard of hearing people
CREATE researchers, including Dhruv Jain, Ph.D. ’22, with advisors Leah Findlater and Jon E. Froehlich are examining how deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) people think about and relate to sounds in the home – from mundane beeps and whirs to dog barks and children’s shouts, solicit feedback and reactions to initial domestic sound awareness systems, and explore potential concerns. With input from DHH participants on their perceptions of and experiences with sound in the home and their feedback on initial sound awareness mockups, the team designed and evaluated three tablet-based sound awareness prototypes. Key findings suggest a general interest in smarthome-based sound awareness systems alongside significant concerns related to privacy, activity tracking, cognitive overload, and trust.
SoundWatch
The team also introduced SoundWatch, an Android app that provides glanceable, always-available sound feedback on smartwatches for d/Deaf and hard-of-hearing users. Created by a diverse team at the UW and led by a hard-of-hearing innovator who wanted to build for his community, SoundWatch uses machine learning to alert its users to important sounds occurring in their environment.
Augmented reality captioning
Leah Findlater and Jon E. Froehlich are also working with Raja Kushalnagar to design, build, and evaluate new augmented reality (AR) approaches to real-time captioning for people who are deaf and hard of hearing. In contrast to traditional captioning, which uses an external, fixed display (e.g., laptop or large screen), our approach allows users to manipulate the shape, number and placement of captions in 3D space. Preliminary findings suggest that, compared to traditional laptop-based captions, HMD captioning may increase glanceability, improve visual contact with speakers, and support access to other visual information (e.g., slides).
AI support for speech and communication therapy
CREATE faculty member and chair of the UW Human Centered Design & Engineering department, Julie Kientz leads formative research and co-design activities around the opportunities and challenges for AI support for speech-language pathologists who work with children with speech and language difficulties.
Jod: Videoconferencing Platform for Mixed Hearing Groups
Informed by prior work examining accessibility barriers in current videoconferencing platforms, lead author Anant Mittal, with advisor and CREATE associate director James Fogarty as a co-author, designed and developed Jod, a videoconferencing platform to facilitate communication in mixed hearing groups. Using Jod, the team conducted mixed-hearing group sessions. Their paper includes findings, insights for future videoconferencing designs, and recommendations for conducting mixed-hearing studies.
AI for health and activities of daily living
ARTennis
Jaewook Lee and Jon E. Froehlich seek to broaden participation in team sports for people with low-vision. ARTennis is their prototype for wearable augmented reality (AR) that utilizes real-time computer vision (CV) to enhance the visual saliency of tennis balls.
Hand function assessment interface
CREATE associate directors Katherine M. Steele and Heather Feldner, postdoctoral researcher Sasha Portnova, along with UW Rehabilitation Medicine professor Chet Moritz and his students Adria Robert-Gonzalez and Emily Boeschoten, are co-designing a video-based interface for hand function assessment in individuals with motor control impairments using AI techniques.
AI for physical spaces and fabrication
We are using AI to support disabled creativity in the fabrication space. Our earliest work in this space is focused on an accessible tool for generating embroiderable artwork.
CREATE associate director Jon E. Froehlich leads a suite of research projects that make use of AI to design, build, and evaluate interactive technology that addresses high value social issues such as environmental sustainability, computer accessibility, and personalized health and wellness.
- Room Accessibility and Safety Scanning in Augmented Reality (RASSAR)
RASSAR, with CREATE Ph.D. student Xia Su as student lead, is a proof-of-concept prototype that uses LiDAR and camera data, machine learning, and augmented reality (AR) to semi-automatically identify, categorize, and localize indoor accessibility and safety issues. These assessment instruments—bolstered by advances in computer vision, AR, and mobile sensors—enable homeowners and trained experts to audit and improve home safety.
- BusStopCV uses real-time computer vision in the web browser to collect data on accessibility-related features at bus stops such as the presence of benches, shelters, and accessible landing features.
- Project Sidewalk combines computer vision with human crowdsourcing to scalably collect data on sidewalk accessibility.
- Robotic Accessibility Indoor Scanner (RAIS) is a semi-autonomous robot that uses LiDAR and computer vision to create 3D reconstructions of indoor space and detect inaccessible corridors, furniture, countertops, and more.
AI for digital accessibility & visualization
VoxLens for accessible visualizations
VoxLens is a JavaScript plugin that allows people to interact with visualizations. Working with screen-reader users, CREATE graduate student Ather Sharif and CREATE associate director Jacob O. Wobbrock have shown that VoxLens users completed specific tasks with 122% increased accuracy and 36% decreased interaction time compared to participants who did not have access to the tool. To implement VoxLens, visualization designers add just one line of code.
CREATE researchers are using large language models (LLMs) to support Blind/Visually Impaired (BVI) users’ control over their visualization experience. Two projects are in very early stages, but exciting, nonetheless: CREATE Ph.D. candidate Venkatesh Potluri is working on data science visualization and AccessComputing team member Brianna Wimer is working on diagram understanding.
AI for interaction support
Accessible biosignal gesture interface prototyping
Former CREATE postdoctoral student Momona Yamagami, CREATE Director Jennifer Mankoff and associate director Jacob O. Wobbrock are developing new algorithms to support accessible biosignal gesture interface prototyping for non-expert developers.
Visual privacy algorithms and tools
Along with collaborators at UC Boulder and UIUC, CREATE associate director Leah Findlater is working on a project to help blind and low vision people safeguard private visual content.
Evaluating the accessibility of a hand-tracking device for device interactions
CREATE Ph.D. students Sasha Portnova (current) and Momona Yamagami (graduated in 2023) have worked on evaluating the accessibility of a hand-tracking device for device interactions for individuals with upper-body disabilities. They used AI techniques to assess the accuracy of Leap Motion Controller. PIs: Jennifer Mankoff, Katherine M. Steele, Heather Feldner.